Unit-IV: PERSONALITY AND ADJUSTMENT

1. Meaning of Personality

The word "Personality" comes from the Latin word 'persona', which means 'mask' (the mask worn by actors in ancient Greek theatre).

In common terms, personality refers to one's physical appearance. But in psychology, it is a much broader concept.

Gordon Allport's Definition: "Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment."

• "Dynamic Organization": Personality is not static; it is always growing and changing.
• "Psychophysical Systems": It is a combination of mind (psycho) and body (physical).
• "Determine": Our personality is what *causes* our behavior.
• "Unique Adjustment": Every person's way of dealing with the world is unique.

In simple terms, personality is the unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterizes an individual.

2. Theories of Personality (Trait and Type)

These theories try to explain the structure of personality.

Type Theories

These theories attempt to classify people into distinct, separate categories or "types."

Carl Jung's Type Theory:

Jung classified people based on their social attitude:

Type	Characteristics
Introvert	- Shy, reserved, keeps to themselves. - Gets energy from being alone. - Prefers solitary activities (e.g., reading). - Thinks before speaking.
Extrovert	- Outgoing, sociable, talkative. - Gets energy from being with others. - Prefers social gatherings. - Speaks before thinking.

(Note: Jung also proposed 'Ambivert' for people in the middle, but Introvert/Extrovert are the main two.)

Sheldon's Type Theory (Somatotypes):

Sheldon classified people based on their body build (soma), linking it to temperament:

Body Type (Somatotype)	Temperament (Personality)	Characteristics
Endomorph	Viscerotonia	- Soft and round body (fat). - Sociable, relaxed, fun-loving, loves food.
Mesomorph	Somatotonia	- Muscular and athletic body. - Active, assertive, aggressive, loves risk.
Ectomorph	Cerebrotonia	- Tall, thin, and fragile body. - Shy, introverted, artistic, thoughtful, private.

Trait Theories

These theories reject the idea of "types." They argue that personality is made up of a set of continuous dimensions called "traits" (e.g., "honesty," "friendliness"). People don't fit into one box; rather, they fall on a spectrum for each trait.

(Note: The syllabus does not list specific trait theorists, but the most famous are Gordon Allport and Raymond Cattell).

3. Measurement of Personality

Psychologists use various techniques to assess personality. (Note: The syllabus lists "Methods of Personality Measurement" again, suggesting its importance.)

1. Subjective Methods:
   • Questionnaires/Inventories: The most common method. The person answers a series of "Yes/No" or "Agree/Disagree" questions about themselves. (e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - MMPI).
   • Autobiography/Interviews: Asking the person to describe their own life, feelings, and beliefs.
2. Objective Methods:
   • Observation: Watching the person's behavior in a natural or controlled setting (as discussed in Unit 1).
3. Projective Techniques:
   • Core Idea: The person is given an ambiguous stimulus (like an inkblot) and asked to describe what they see. The idea is that they will "project" their unconscious thoughts and feelings onto the stimulus.
   • Examples:
     • Rorschach Inkblot Test: The person describes what they see in a series of 10 complex inkblots.
     • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): The person is shown ambiguous pictures of people and asked to tell a story about what is happening.

4. Adjustment

Meaning and Factors of Adjustment

Adjustment is the psychological process of coping with and adapting to the demands, stresses, and challenges of the environment.

It is a state of balance (equilibrium) between one's needs and the demands of the world. Good adjustment = good mental health.

Factors Affecting Adjustment:

• Personal Factors: Physical health, intelligence, emotional stability, self-concept.
• Environmental Factors: Family (parenting style, home atmosphere), school (teachers, peers), and society (social norms, economic conditions).

Defense Mechanism

First proposed by Sigmund Freud, defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies we use to protect ourselves from anxiety, stress, or a threat to our ego.

They are normal and healthy in moderation, but over-reliance can be a sign of poor adjustment.

Common Defense Mechanisms:

• Repression: Unconsciously blocking a painful thought or memory from awareness. (The most basic defense).
• Denial: Refusing to accept a painful reality. (e.g., A smoker denying that smoking is bad for them).
• Rationalization: Creating logical-sounding (but false) excuses for our failures or bad behavior. (e.g., "I failed the test because the teacher hates me," not because I didn't study).
• Projection: Attributing your own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else. (e.g., A person who is secretly dishonest thinks "everyone else is a cheat").
• Displacement: Shifting your negative emotions (e.g., anger) from a dangerous target to a safer one. (e.g., Your boss yells at you, so you go home and yell at your family).
• Sublimation: (The healthiest defense) Channeling unacceptable impulses (like aggression) into socially acceptable activities (e.g., playing sports, creating art).

5. Frustration

Meaning and Causes of Frustration

Frustration is the negative emotional state that occurs when a goal-directed behavior is blocked or thwarted.

Causes of Frustration (Sources of Conflict):

1. Environmental Obstacles: External barriers (e.g., a traffic jam, lack of money, a difficult exam).
2. Personal Inadequacies: Internal barriers (e.g., not being smart enough, strong enough, or skilled enough to reach a goal).
3. Conflict of Motives: Being pulled in different directions at the same time.
   • Approach-Approach: Choosing between two good things (e.g., two good job offers).
   • Avoidance-Avoidance: Choosing between two bad things ("caught between a rock and a hard place").
   • Approach-Avoidance: One goal has both good and bad aspects (e.g., you want to get married, but you are afraid of the responsibility).

Educational Implication of Frustration

• Frustration is a major cause of misbehavior and poor adjustment in school.
• Teacher's Role:
  • Set realistic goals for students to minimize failure.
  • Provide a supportive environment where students are not afraid to make mistakes.
  • Teach problem-solving skills and constructive ways to handle frustration (e.g., asking for help).

6. Positive-attitude theory (Spare-Time theory)

This appears to be a specific or localized term. Based on "Spare-Time," it likely refers to the Worthy Use of Leisure Time, which is a key component of adjustment and developing a positive attitude.

• Core Idea: A person's attitude and mental health are significantly influenced by how they use their spare time.
• Positive Attitude: Using spare time for constructive and creative activities (e.g., hobbies, sports, volunteering, learning a new skill) leads to personal growth, satisfaction, and a positive outlook.
• Negative Attitude: Using spare time for destructive or passive activities (e.g., substance abuse, excessive passive screen time, delinquency) leads to frustration, boredom, and poor mental health.
• Educational Implication: Schools should actively promote co-curricular activities and hobbies to teach students how to use their leisure time wisely.

7. Meaning and symptoms of a good adjusted and a mal-adjusted person

Adjustment vs. Maladjustment

Characteristic	Well-Adjusted Person	Mal-Adjusted Person
View of Self	- Has a realistic view of their strengths/weaknesses. - High self-esteem and self-acceptance.	- Feelings of inferiority or, conversely, delusions of grandeur. - High self-criticism.
Emotional Life	- Emotionally stable. - Can control emotions appropriately (e.g., uses sublimation).	- Emotionally volatile (e.g., mood swings, anxiety, depression). - Overuses defense mechanisms (e.g., constant rationalization).
Social Relations	- Can form warm, lasting relationships. - Is empathetic and respectful of others.	- Socially isolated or has hostile, difficult relationships. - Selfish and inconsiderate.
Coping with Problems	- Faces problems directly and realistically. - Is flexible and adaptable.	- Avoids problems (e.g., through denial, fantasy, or displacement). - Is rigid and inflexible.
Behavior	- Behavior is constructive and goal-oriented.	- Behavior is often escapist or destructive (e.g., aggression, withdrawal, substance abuse).