Unit 2: Introduction to Maps and Toposheets

Introduction to Map

Map: A map is a symbolic, two-dimensional (2D) graphical representation of a part of the Earth's surface, viewed from above.

Maps are tools that show the spatial relationships between different features, such as mountains, rivers, roads, and cities. To be useful, a map must have three key components:

1. Scale: Defines the relationship between map distance and ground distance.
2. Legend (or Key): Explains what the symbols on the map mean.
3. North Arrow (or Direction): Orients the map to the cardinal directions.

Type of Maps

Maps can be classified based on their purpose or the information they present.

• Topographic Maps: These maps show the shape (topography) of the Earth's surface using contour lines. They also show natural features (rivers, lakes) and man-made features (roads, buildings).
• Geological Maps: These maps show the distribution of different rock types, geological faults, and folds that are exposed at the surface. They are a primary tool for geologists.
• Thematic Maps: These maps focus on a single, specific "theme" or topic. Examples include:
  • Rainfall maps
  • Population density maps
  • Soil type maps
  • Land use maps
• Political Maps: Show human-defined boundaries, such as countries, states, and cities.
• Physical Maps: Show the major physical features of a region, like mountains, deserts, and plains.

Scale and their Types

Scale is the ratio between a distance measured on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground. There are three main ways to express scale:

1. Representative Fraction (R.F.) or Ratio Scale

This is a unitless ratio, written as 1:50,000 or 1/50,000.

• It means 1 unit (of anything) on the map equals 50,000 of the same unit on the ground.
• Example: 1 cm on the map = 50,000 cm (or 500 m, or 0.5 km) on the ground.

2. Statement Scale or Verbal Scale

This is a simple statement of the relationship, such as:

• "1 cm to 1 km"
• "One inch to one mile"

This is easy to understand but can cause confusion with different unit systems. (Note: "1 cm to 1 km" is an R.F. of 1:100,000).

3. Graphical Scale or Bar Scale

This is a printed line or bar on the map that is divided into segments representing ground distances (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3 kilometers).

• Key Advantage: This scale remains accurate even if the map is enlarged or reduced (e.g., by photocopying), as the bar scale shrinks or grows along with the map.

Toposheets and its Study

Toposheets (or Topographic Sheets) are the individual maps that make up a topographic map series, produced by a national agency like the Survey of India (SoI).

The "study" of toposheets involves understanding their key components to interpret the landscape.

Key Components of a Toposheet:

• Contour Lines: These are the most important feature. They are imaginary lines that connect all points of equal elevation above sea level.
  • Contour Interval (C.I.): The fixed vertical distance between any two adjacent contour lines (e.g., 20 meters). This is constant for the whole map.
  • Index Contours: Every 5th contour line is typically drawn thicker and is labeled with its elevation.
• Grid System: A network of horizontal and vertical lines (Lat/Long or a military grid like UTM) used for precise location (Grid References).
• Symbols and Colors:
  • Blue: Water features (rivers, lakes, swamps).
  • Green: Vegetation (forests, woodlands).
  • Brown: Contour lines and topographic features.
  • Black: Man-made (cultural) features (buildings, roads, railways, names).
  • Red: Major roads and political boundaries.
• Marginal Information: The "legend" in the margins of the map, which includes the scale, toposheet number, contour interval, north arrow, and key to all symbols.

Reading Toposheets of Survey of India

Reading a toposheet means interpreting the symbols and contour lines to visualize the 3D landscape and identify features.

Interpreting Topography from Contours

Other Information from SoI Toposheets:

• Toposheet Numbering: SoI uses a grid system (e.g., 45 D/7, 53 G/12). This number identifies the specific map sheet and its scale.
• Grid Reference: A system for locating any point on the map. You give the "Easting" (vertical line number) first, then the "Northing" (horizontal line number). "Read right, then up."
• Cultural Features: You can identify towns, villages (by symbol), types of roads (metal-led, un-metalled), railway lines, temples, dams, etc.
• Drainage Patterns: By looking at the network of blue river lines, you can identify drainage patterns (e.g., dendritic, radial, trellis), which gives clues about the underlying geology.